N = D² / (4λ), λ = c / f
Worked example 10 mm, 5 MHz probe on steel N = 21.19 mm reliable far field from 3N = 63.56 mm
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Acoustic emission, leak testing, visual, thermography, guided wave, MFL, GPR, concrete and coatings. Each of the 23 shows the governing formula, a worked example and the standard it comes from.
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N = D² / (4λ), λ = c / f
Worked example 10 mm, 5 MHz probe on steel N = 21.19 mm reliable far field from 3N = 63.56 mm
Acoustic emission, leak testing, visual, thermography, guided wave, MFL, GPR, concrete and coatings.
LT Unit converters
Converts a leak rate between mbar·L/s, Pa·m³/s, atm·cc/s, Torr·L/s, sccm and scfh so acceptance criteria and instrument readings can be compared.
ISO 20484 · ISO 2533 Free
UNITS Unit converters
One-stop conversions for the units NDT actually uses: length and thickness, pressure, temperature, velocity, density, force, stress, decibels, activity, dose and leak rate.
BS 350 · ISO 80000 Free
COAT Concrete and coatings
Applies the ISO 19840 surface profile correction to gauge readings and tests them against the mean, 80% minimum, 20% count and maximum thickness acceptance rules.
ISO 19840 · ISO 2808
LT Leak and pressure testing
Applies the code multiplier and temperature stress ratio to a design pressure to give the required hydrostatic or pneumatic test pressure, with the code minimum hold time.
ASME VIII · ASME B31.3
LT Leak and pressure testing
Turns a pressure drop over a hold period into a leak rate, correcting the final pressure for the change in gas temperature during the test.
ASME V · ISO 20484
VT Visual and thermography
Checks viewing distance, viewing angle and surface illuminance against the direct visual examination requirements of ASME V Article 9, ISO 17637 or AWS D1.1.
ASME V · ISO 17637
CIVIL Concrete and coatings
Converts path length and transit time into pulse velocity, classifies the concrete quality and estimates the dynamic modulus of elasticity.
EN 12504-4 · ASTM C597
IRT Visual and thermography
Projects a thermal camera's instantaneous field of view onto the target to give the spot size at distance, and the standoff at which a target still fills the required number of spots.
ISO 18434-1
IRT Visual and thermography
Corrects a radiometric temperature reading for surface emissivity, reflected apparent temperature and atmospheric transmission, and shows how sensitive the result is to the emissivity used.
ISO 18434-1
LT Leak and pressure testing
Converts a leak rate measured with one gas into the equivalent rate for another, using the molecular-flow square-root-of-molar-mass law or the viscous-flow viscosity ratio.
ISO 20485 · ASME V
CIVIL Concrete and coatings
Applies the impact-direction correction to a rebound number and converts it to an indicative compressive strength, or to a site-calibrated strength from your own regression.
EN 12504-2 · ASTM C805
AE Acoustic emission
Divides the load at which significant acoustic emission restarts by the previous maximum load, and compares the result against the code acceptance threshold.
ASME V · ASTM E1067
CIVIL Concrete and coatings
Converts a half-cell potential reading to the copper/copper sulphate scale and reads the ASTM C876 corrosion probability, with the thresholds restated in the electrode actually used.
ASTM C876 · ASTM G3
CIVIL Concrete and coatings
Estimates the depth of a surface-breaking crack in concrete from two indirect ultrasonic transit times measured across it at spacings x and 2x — no velocity assumption needed.
BS 1881 · EN 12504-4
VT Visual and thermography
Projects a borescope's angular field of view onto the target at working distance and gives the smallest feature the sensor can resolve there.
ASME V
GPR Guided wave, MFL and GPR
Converts two-way travel time to target depth using the wave velocity from relative permittivity, and back-calculates permittivity from a target at known depth.
ASTM D6432
LT Leak and pressure testing
Scales a leak detector's minimum detectable leak rate by the helium partial pressure actually present, giving the smallest real leak the test can find.
ASTM E499 · ASTM E498
AE Acoustic emission
Locates an acoustic emission source between two sensors from the difference in arrival time and the measured wave velocity.
ASTM E1139 · ASTM E650
IRT Visual and thermography
Relates defect depth to the thermal diffusion time for a material, giving the observation window needed and the depth reachable in a given recording time.
ASTM E1461 · ISO 18434-1
GWUT Guided wave, MFL and GPR
Converts the available amplitude budget and the pipe's attenuation per metre into a realistic guided wave inspection range, with the round-trip time and near-field dead zone.
ISO 18211 · BS 9690
IRT Visual and thermography
Gives the thermal diffusion length for a modulation frequency and material, and the frequency needed to probe to a required depth.
ISO 18434-1 · ASTM E2582
MFL Guided wave, MFL and GPR
Compares the flux density an MFL magnetiser achieves at scanning speed with the level needed for saturation, using the magnetic Reynolds number as the velocity-effect index.
API 1163
AE Acoustic emission
Gives the hyperbolic locus for one sensor pair and sets the maximum array spacing from the measured attenuation of the structure.
ASTM E1139 · ASTM E976
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